OkHttp官网地址:http://square.github.io/okhttp/
OkHttp GitHub地址:https://github.com/square/okhttp
引入Jar包
Maven
<dependency> <groupId>com.squareup.okhttp3</groupId> <artifactId>okhttp</artifactId> <version>3.10.0</version> </dependency>
gradle
compile('com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp:3.10.0')
简单来说,通过OkHttpClient可以发送一个Http请求,并读取该Http请求的响应,OkHttpClient是一个生产Call的工厂。
此外,受益于一个共享的响应缓存/线程池/复用的连接等因素,绝大多数应用使用一个OkHttpClient实例,便可以满足整个应用的Http请求。
Request:构建请求参数,如url,请求方式,请求参数,header等。
Call:生成一个具体请求实例,相当于将请求封装成了任务;两种方式:
call.execute() 非异步方式,会阻塞线程,等待返回结果。
call.enqueue(Callback) 异步方式。
三种创建实例的方法
// 创建一个默认配置OkHttpClient,可以使用默认的构造函数。 OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); // 通过new OkHttpClient.Builder()方法来一步一步配置一个OkHttpClient实例。 OkHttpClient clientWith30sTimeout = client.Builder() .readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .build(); // 如果要求使用现有的实例,可以通过newBuilder()方法来进行构造。 OkHttpClient client = client.newBuilder().build();
简单的GET请求
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); String run(String url) throws IOException { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url(url) .build(); try (Response response = client.newCall(request).execute()) { return response.body().string(); } } public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { GetExample example = new GetExample(); String response = example.run("https://raw.github.com/square/okhttp/master/README.md"); // 打印文件内容 System.out.println(response); }
简单的POST请求
MediaType
用于描述Http请求和响应体的内容类型,也就是Content-Typ
e
。
定义好数据类型,还要将其变为请求体,最后通过post()方法,随请求一并发出。
public static final MediaType JSON = MediaType.parse("application/json; charset=utf-8"); OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); String post(String url, String json) throws IOException { RequestBody body = RequestBody.create(JSON, json); Request request = new Request.Builder() .url(url) .post(body) .build(); try (Response response = client.newCall(request).execute()) { return response.body().string(); } } public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { PostExample example = new PostExample(); String json = "{\"username\":\"tingfeng\",\"password\":\"tingfeng\"}"; String response = example.post("http://localhost:8080/login", json); System.out.println(response); }
同步和异步
Synchronous Get(同步Get)
下载一个文件,打印他的响应头,以string形式打印响应体。
响应体的 string() 方法对于小文档来说十分方便、高效。但是如果响应体太大(超过1MB),应避免适应 string()方法 ,因为他会将把整个文档加载到内存中。对于超过1MB的响应body,应使用流的方式来处理body。
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt") .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();//同步 if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); Headers responseHeaders = response.headers(); for (int i = 0; i < responseHeaders.size(); i++) { System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i)); } System.out.println(response.body().string()); } // 耗时大于2秒
Asynchronous Get(异步Get,POST请求同理)
在一个工作线程中下载文件,当响应可读时回调Callback接口。读取响应时会阻塞当前线程。OkHttp现阶段不提供异步api来接收响应体。
public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt") .build(); // 异步,需要设置一个回调接口 client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() { @Override public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } @Override public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException { if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); Headers headers = response.headers(); for (String name : headers.names()) { System.out.println(name + ": " + headers.get(name)); } System.out.println(response.body().string()); } }); } // 小于1秒
用Gson解析一个JSON响应
Gson 是一个方便JSON和Java对象之间互相转换的API.这里我们用它来解析一个来自GitHub API的JSON响应.
注意: 当解析响应实体时 ResponseBody.charStream()
使用 Content-Type
响应头信息来选择字符编码.如果没有指定字符编码则默认为UTF-8
.
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); private final Gson gson = new Gson(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/gists/c2a7c39532239ff261be") .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); Gist gist = gson.fromJson(response.body().charStream(), Gist.class); for (Map.Entry<String, GistFile> entry : gist.files.entrySet()) { System.out.println(entry.getKey()); System.out.println(entry.getValue().content); } } static class Gist { Map<String, GistFile> files; } static class GistFile { String content; }
配置超时时间
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder() .connectTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .writeTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .retryOnConnectionFailure(true); .build();
POST方式提交文件
public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8"); private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { File file = new File("README.md"); Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw") .post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, file)) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }
Post方式提交表单
使用FormEncodingBuilder来构建和HTML<form>标签相同效果的请求体. 键值对将使用一种HTML兼容形式的URL编码来进行编码.
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { RequestBody formBody = new FormBody.Builder() .add("search", "Jurassic Park") .build(); Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php") .post(formBody) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }
Post方式提交分块请求,带上传文件
MultipartBody.Builder可以构建复杂的请求体, 与HTML文件上传形式兼容
多块请求体中每块请求都是一个请求体, 可以定义自己的请求头. 这些请求头可以用来描述这块请求, 例如它的Content-Disposition. 如果Content-Length和Content-Type可用的话, 他们会被自动添加到请求头中.
private static final String IMGUR_CLIENT_ID = "..."; private static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_PNG = MediaType.parse("image/png"); private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { // Use the imgur image upload API as documented at https://api.imgur.com/endpoints/image RequestBody requestBody = new MultipartBody.Builder() .setType(MultipartBody.FORM) .addFormDataPart("title", "Square Logo") .addFormDataPart("image", "logo-square.png", RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_PNG, new File("website/static/logo-square.png"))) .build(); Request request = new Request.Builder() .header("Authorization", "Client-ID " + IMGUR_CLIENT_ID) .url("https://api.imgur.com/3/image") .post(requestBody) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }
Post方式提交流
以流的方式POST提交请求体。请求体的内容由流写入产生。这个例子是流直接写入Okio的BufferedSink。你的程序可能会使用OutputStream,你可以使用BufferedSink.outputStream()来获取。
public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8"); private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { RequestBody requestBody = new RequestBody() { @Override public MediaType contentType() { return MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN; } @Override public void writeTo(BufferedSink sink) throws IOException { sink.writeUtf8("Numbers\n"); sink.writeUtf8("-------\n"); for (int i = 2; i <= 997; i++) { sink.writeUtf8(String.format(" * %s = %s\n", i, factor(i))); } } private String factor(int n) { for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) { int x = n / i; if (x * i == n) return factor(x) + " × " + i; } return Integer.toString(n); } }; Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw") .post(requestBody) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }
重写RequestBody中的几个方法,将本地数据放入到Http协议的请求体中,然后发送到服务端。
HTTP请求头部的设置和读取
HTTP 头的数据结构是 Map<String, List<String>>
类型。也就是说,对于每个 HTTP 头,可能有多个值。但是大部分 HTTP 头都只有一个值,只有少部分 HTTP 头允许多个值。至于name的取值说明,可以查看这个请求头大全。
OkHttp的处理方式是:
使用
header(name,value)
来设置HTTP头的唯一值,如果请求中已经存在响应的信息那么直接替换掉。使用
addHeader(name,value)
来补充新值,如果请求头中已经存在name的name-value,那么还会继续添加,请求头中便会存在多个name相同而value不同的“键值对”。使用
header(name)
读取唯一值或多个值的最后一个值使用
headers(name)
获取所有值
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { // 设置请求头 Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/repos/square/okhttp/issues") .header("User-Agent", "OkHttp Headers.java") .addHeader("Accept", "application/json; q=0.5") .addHeader("Accept", "application/vnd.github.v3+json") .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); // 读取响应头 System.out.println("Server: " + response.header("Server")); System.out.println("Date: " + response.header("Date")); System.out.println("Vary: " + response.headers("Vary")); }
禁止自动重定向
禁止自动获取重定向内容,我们自己处理重定向
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder() .followRedirects(false) .followSslRedirects(false) .build();
其他设置
响应缓存
为了缓存响应, 你需要一个你可以读写的缓存目录, 和缓存大小的限制. 这个缓存目录应该是私有的, 不信任的程序应不能读取缓存内容.
一个缓存目录同时拥有多个缓存访问是错误的. 大多数程序只需要调用一次new OkHttp(), 在第一次调用时配置好缓存, 然后其他地方只需要调用这个实例就可以了. 否则两个缓存示例互相干扰, 破坏响应缓存, 而且有可能会导致程序崩溃.
响应缓存使用HTTP头作为配置. 你可以在请求头中添加Cache-Control: max-stale=3600 , OkHttp缓存会支持. 你的服务通过响应头确定响应缓存多长时间, 例如使用Cache-Control: max-age=9600.
private final OkHttpClient client; public CacheResponse(File cacheDirectory) throws Exception { int cacheSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10 MiB Cache cache = new Cache(cacheDirectory, cacheSize); client = new OkHttpClient(); client.setCache(cache); } public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt") .build(); Response response1 = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response1.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response1); String response1Body = response1.body().string(); System.out.println("Response 1 response: " + response1); System.out.println("Response 1 cache response: " + response1.cacheResponse()); System.out.println("Response 1 network response: " + response1.networkResponse()); Response response2 = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response2.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response2); String response2Body = response2.body().string(); System.out.println("Response 2 response: " + response2); System.out.println("Response 2 cache response: " + response2.cacheResponse()); System.out.println("Response 2 network response: " + response2.networkResponse()); System.out.println("Response 2 equals Response 1? " + response1Body.equals(response2Body)); }
如果需要阻值response使用缓存, 使用CacheControl.FORCE_NETWORK. 如果需要阻值response使用网络, 使用CacheControl.FORCE_CACHE.
警告: 如果你使用FORCE_CACHE, 但是response要求使用网络, OkHttp将会返回一个504 Unsatisfiable Request响应.
Force a Network Response
有些时候, 比如用户刚刚点击刷新按钮, 这时必须跳过缓存, 直接从服务器抓取数据. 为了强制全面刷新, 我们需要添加no-cache指令:
connection.addRequestProperty("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
这样就可以强制每次请求直接发送给源服务器, 而不经过本地缓存版本的校验, 常用于需要确认认证的应用和严格要求使用最新数据的应用.
Force a Cache Response
有时你会想立即显示资源. 这样即使在后台正下载着最新资源, 你的客户端仍然可以先显示原有资源, 毕竟有个东西显示比没有东西显示要好.
如果需要限制让请求优先使用本地缓存资源, 需要增加only-if-cached指令:
try { connection.addRequestProperty("Cache-Control", "only-if-cached"); InputStream cached = connection.getInputStream(); // the resource was cached! show it catch (FileNotFoundException e) { // the resource was not cached } }
取消一个Call
使用Call.cancel()可以立即停止掉一个正在执行的call. 如果一个线程正在写请求或者读响应, 将会引发IOException. 当call没有必要的时候, 使用这个api可以节约网络资源. 例如当用户离开一个应用时, 不管同步还是异步的call都可以取消.
你可以通过tags来同时取消多个请求. 当你构建一请求时, 使用RequestBuilder.tag(tag)来分配一个标签, 之后你就可以用OkHttpClient.cancel(tag)来取消所有带有这个tag的call.
private final ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1); private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") //该网址的延迟时间为2秒。 .build(); final long startNanos = System.nanoTime(); final Call call = client.newCall(request); // 在1秒内取消call executor.schedule(()->{ System.out.printf("%.2f Canceling call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f); call.cancel(); System.out.printf("%.2f Canceled call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f); }, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS); try { System.out.printf("%.2f Executing call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f); Response response = call.execute(); System.out.printf("%.2f Call was expected to fail, but completed: %s%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, response); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.printf("%.2f Call failed as expected: %s%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, e); } } // 打印 0.01 Executing call. 1.01 Canceling call. 1.01 Canceled call. 1.01 Call failed as expected: java.io.IOException: Canceled
每个call的配置
使用OkHttpClient, 所有的HTTP Client配置包括代理设置、超时设置、缓存设置. 当你需要为单个call改变配置的时候, 调用OkHttpClient.newBuilder(). 这个api将会返回一个builder, 这个builder和原始的client共享相同的连接池, 分发器和配置.
下面的例子中,我们让一个请求是500ms的超时、另一个是3000ms的超时。
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/1") // 该网址延迟1秒。 .build(); try { // Copy to customize OkHttp for this request. OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder() .readTimeout(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) .build(); Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute(); System.out.println("Response 1 succeeded: " + response); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Response 1 failed: " + e); } try { // Copy to customize OkHttp for this request. OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder() .readTimeout(3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) .build(); Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute(); System.out.println("Response 2 succeeded: " + response); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Response 2 failed: " + e); } } // 打印 Response 1 failed: java.net.SocketTimeoutException: timeout Response 2 succeeded: Response{protocol=http/1.1, code=200, message=OK, url=http://httpbin.org/delay/1}