如何在运行的LVM系统（包括GRUB2配置）（Ubuntu 11.10）上设置软件RAID1
本指南介绍如何在已经运行的LVM系统（Ubuntu 11.10）上设置软件RAID1。 将配置GRUB2引导加载程序，以使系统仍然可以在其中一个硬盘驱动器发生故障（无论哪一个）中启动。
我不会保证这将为您工作！
1初步说明
在本教程中，我使用的Ubuntu 11.10系统有两个硬盘驱动器， / dev / sda和/ dev / sdb大小相同。 / dev / sdb当前未使用，并且/ dev / sda具有以下分区（这是默认的Ubuntu 11.10 LVM分区方案 - 您应该在系统上找到类似的内容，除非您选择在系统安装期间手动分区）：
-
/ dev / sda1：/ bootpartition，ext2; -
/ dev / sda2：extended，包含/ dev / sda5; -
/ dev / sda5：用于LVM（卷组server1），并包含/（卷根）和交换（卷交换）。
最后我想要有以下情况：
-
/ dev / md0（由/ dev / sda1和/ dev / sdb1组成）：/ bootpartition，ext2; -
/ dev / md1（由/ dev / sda5和/ dev / sdb5组成）：LVM（卷组server1）包含/（卷根）和交换（卷交换）。
这是现在的情况：
df -h
root@server1:~# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/server1-root
4.2G 995M 3.0G 25% /
udev 238M 4.0K 238M 1% /dev
tmpfs 99M 216K 99M 1% /run
none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
none 247M 0 247M 0% /run/shm
/dev/sda1 228M 24M 193M 11% /boot
root@server1:~#
fdisk -l
root@server1:~# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders, total 10485760 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0000ad1b
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 499711 248832 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 501758 10483711 4990977 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 501760 10483711 4990976 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders, total 10485760 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/mapper/server1-root: 4563 MB, 4563402752 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 554 cylinders, total 8912896 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/server1-root doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/mapper/server1-swap_1: 532 MB, 532676608 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 64 cylinders, total 1040384 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/server1-swap_1 doesn't contain a valid partition table
root@server1:~#
pvdisplay
root@server1:~# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sda5
VG Name server1
PV Size 4.76 GiB / not usable 2.00 MiB
Allocatable yes
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 1218
Free PE 3
Allocated PE 1215
PV UUID dKWi5I-GMPP-wzoP-qXfi-e93A-YVmp-A7O1IK
root@server1:~#
vgdisplay
root@server1:~# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name server1
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 4.76 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 1218
Alloc PE / Size 1215 / 4.75 GiB
Free PE / Size 3 / 12.00 MiB
VG UUID kwDyrp-sFA7-3s3i-FVWc-AGck-NX6H-yo4Pyt
root@server1:~#
lvdisplay
root@server1:~# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Name /dev/server1/root
VG Name server1
LV UUID dNn3NY-YhPm-qE8r-Dr8L-k8CG-ECLp-YjRnGf
LV Write Access read/write
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 4.25 GiB
Current LE 1088
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Name /dev/server1/swap_1
VG Name server1
LV UUID HKIiwv-7X8Y-rzeg-aedK-5RZo-g3Km-QjxkdL
LV Write Access read/write
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 508.00 MiB
Current LE 127
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 252:1
root@server1:~#
2安装mdadm
设置RAID的最重要的工具是mdadm 。 让我们像这样安装：
apt-get install initramfs-tools mdadm
一般类型的邮件配置： < - 网站
系统邮件名称： < - server1.example.com
之后，我们加载了几个内核模块（以避免重启）：
modprobe linear
modprobe multipath
modprobe raid0
modprobe raid1
modprobe raid5
modprobe raid6
modprobe raid10
现在跑
cat /proc/mdstat
输出应如下所示：
root@server1:~# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
unused devices: <none>
root@server1:~#
3准备/ dev / sdb
要在我们已经运行的系统上创建RAID1阵列，我们必须为RAID1准备/ dev / sdb硬盘，然后将/ dev / sda硬盘的内容复制到它，最后将/ dev / sda添加到RAID1阵列。
首先，我们将分区表从/ dev / sda复制到/ dev / sdb ，以使两个磁盘都具有完全相同的布局：
sfdisk -d /dev/sda | sfdisk --force /dev/sdb
输出结果如下：
root@server1:~# sfdisk -d /dev/sda | sfdisk --force /dev/sdb
Checking that no-one is using this disk right now ...
OK
Disk /dev/sdb: 652 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track
sfdisk: ERROR: sector 0 does not have an msdos signature
/dev/sdb: unrecognized partition table type
Old situation:
No partitions found
Warning: extended partition does not start at a cylinder boundary.
DOS and Linux will interpret the contents differently.
New situation:
Units = sectors of 512 bytes, counting from 0
Device Boot Start End #sectors Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 2048 499711 497664 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 501758 10483711 9981954 5 Extended
/dev/sdb3 0 - 0 0 Empty
/dev/sdb4 0 - 0 0 Empty
/dev/sdb5 501760 10483711 9981952 8e Linux LVM
Warning: partition 1 does not end at a cylinder boundary
Successfully wrote the new partition table
Re-reading the partition table ...
If you created or changed a DOS partition, /dev/foo7, say, then use dd(1)
to zero the first 512 bytes: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/foo7 bs=512 count=1
(See fdisk(8).)
root@server1:~#
命令
fdisk -l
现在应该显示两个硬盘都有相同的布局：
root@server1:~# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders, total 10485760 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0000ad1b
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 499711 248832 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 501758 10483711 4990977 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 501760 10483711 4990976 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders, total 10485760 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 2048 499711 248832 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 501758 10483711 4990977 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 501760 10483711 4990976 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/mapper/server1-root: 4563 MB, 4563402752 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 554 cylinders, total 8912896 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/server1-root doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/mapper/server1-swap_1: 532 MB, 532676608 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 64 cylinders, total 1040384 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/server1-swap_1 doesn't contain a valid partition table
root@server1:~#
接下来，我们必须将/ dev / sdb上的三个分区的分区类型更改为Linux raid autodetect ：
fdisk /dev/sdb
root @ server1：〜＃fdisk / dev / sdb 警告：DOS兼容模式已弃用。 强烈建议 关闭模式（命令'c'）并将显示单位更改为 扇区（命令'u'）。 命令（m为帮助）： < - m
命令行动 一个可启动标志的切换 b编辑bsd disklabel c切换dos兼容性标志 d删除一个分区 l列出已知的分区类型 m打印此菜单 n添加一个新的分区 o创建一个新的空DOS分区表 p打印分区表 q退出而不保存更改 s创建一个新的空的Sun磁盘标签 t更改分区的系统ID u更改显示/输入单位 v验证分区表 w将表写入磁盘并退出 x额外功能（仅限专家） 命令（m为帮助）： < - t
分区号（1-5）： < - 1
十六进制代码（L型列表代码）： < - L
0空24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 1 FAT12 39计划9 82 Linux交换/ So c1 DRDOS / sec（FAT- 2 XENIX根3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS / sec（FAT- 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS / 2隐藏C：c6 DRDOS /秒（FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux扩展c7 Syrinx 5扩展42 SFS 86 NTFS卷集da非FS数据 6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS卷集db CP / M / CTOS /。 7 HPFS / NTFS 4e QNX4.x第二部分88 Linux纯文本戴尔实用程序 8 AIX 4f QNX4.x第3部分8e Linux LVM df BootIt 9 AIX可启动50 OnTrack DM 93变形虫e1 DOS访问 OS / 2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R / O b W95 FAT32 52 CP / M 9f BSD / OS e4 SpeedStor c W95 FAT32（LBA）53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad Hi eb BeOS fs e W95 FAT16（LBA）54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT f W95 Ext'd（LBA）55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI（FAT-12/16 / 10 OPUS 56金弓a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux / PA-RISC b 11隐藏FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8达尔文UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaq diagnostics 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14隐藏FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD或Sys ab达尔文启动f2 DOS辅助 16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS + fb VMware VMFS 17隐藏HPFS / NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI交换fd Linux raid auto 1b隐藏W95 FAT3 75 PC / IX bb启动向导hid fe LANstep 1c隐藏W95 FAT3 80老Minix是Solaris启动ff BBT 1e隐藏W95 FAT1 十六进制代码（L型列表代码）： < - fd
更改系统类型的分区1到fd（Linux raid autodetect） 命令（m为帮助）： < - t
分区号（1-5）： < - 5
十六进制代码（L型列表代码）： < - fd
更改系统类型的分区5到fd（Linux raid autodetect） 命令（m为帮助）： < - w
分区表已被更改！ 调用ioctl()重新读取分区表。 同步磁盘 root @ server1：〜＃
命令
fdisk -l
现在应该显示/ dev / sdb1和/ dev / sdb5是Linux raid autodetect的类型：
root@server1:~# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders, total 10485760 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0000ad1b
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 499711 248832 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 501758 10483711 4990977 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 501760 10483711 4990976 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders, total 10485760 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 2048 499711 248832 fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sdb2 501758 10483711 4990977 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 501760 10483711 4990976 fd Linux raid autodetect
Disk /dev/mapper/server1-root: 4563 MB, 4563402752 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 554 cylinders, total 8912896 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/server1-root doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/mapper/server1-swap_1: 532 MB, 532676608 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 64 cylinders, total 1040384 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/server1-swap_1 doesn't contain a valid partition table
root@server1:~#
要确保/ dev / sdb上以前的RAID安装中没有剩余的内容，我们运行以下命令：
mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdb1
mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdb5
如果以前的RAID安装没有任何遗漏，上述每个命令将会抛出一个这样的错误（这是不用担心的）：
root@server1:~# mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdb1
mdadm: Unrecognised md component device - /dev/sdb1
root@server1:~#
否则命令根本不会显示任何内容。
