如何搜索缺少包与apt-file在Debian和Ubuntu-系统运维-优客志

如何使用apt-file在Debian和Ubuntu上搜索缺少的包

版本1.0
作者：Falko Timme

这篇简短的文章介绍如何在Debian和Ubuntu系统上搜索apt-file中的缺少的包。 apt-file允许您搜索文件名，并返回包含该文件的包的名称，以便可以安装相应的包。

我不会保证这将为您工作！

1初始情况

我想你都知道这一点：你试图从源头编译一些软件，突然间的汇编停止，因为它抱怨说，一些文件缺少你以前从未听说过的：

root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1# make
 make all-recursive
 make[1]: Entering directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1'
 Making all in src
 make[2]: Entering directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1/src'
 if gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DORBIT2=1 -pthread -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/include/cairo -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/include/libwnck-1.0 -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -DDATADIR=\""/usr/local/share"\" -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/local/share/locale"\" -g -O2 -Wall -pedantic -std=c99 -fno-strict-aliasing -fmessage-length=0 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -MT main.o -MD -MP -MF ".deps/main.Tpo" -c -o main.o main.c; \
 then mv -f ".deps/main.Tpo" ".deps/main.Po"; else rm -f ".deps/main.Tpo"; exit 1; fi
 main.c:21:21: error: gtk/gtk.h: No such file or directory
 In file included from main.c:25:
 awn-gconf.h:69: error: expected â)â before â*â token
 In file included from main.c:26:
 awn-bar.h:43: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âGtkWindowâ
 awn-bar.h:45: warning: struct has no members
 awn-bar.h:48: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âGtkWindowClassâ
 awn-bar.h:49: warning: struct has no members
 awn-bar.h:51: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â__attribute__â before â*â token
 awn-bar.h:55: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â__attribute__â before â*â token
 awn-bar.h:57: error: expected â)â before â*â token
 awn-bar.h:58: error: expected â)â before â*â token
 In file included from main.c:27:
 awn-window.h:43: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âGtkWindowâ
 awn-window.h:45: warning: struct has no members
 awn-window.h:48: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âGtkWindowClassâ
 awn-window.h:49: warning: struct has no members
 awn-window.h:55: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â__attribute__â before â*â token
 In file included from main.c:28:
 awn-app.h:30:29: error: libwnck/libwnck.h: No such file or directory
 In file included from main.c:28:
 awn-app.h:60: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âWnckWindowâ
 awn-app.h:80: warning: struct has no members
 awn-app.h:83: error: expected â)â before â*â token
 In file included from main.c:29:
 awn-win-manager.h:35: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â__attribute__â before â*â token
 main.c:32: error: expected â)â before â*â token
 main.c: In function âmainâ:
 main.c:48: error: âGtkWidgetâ undeclared (first use in this function)
 main.c:48: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once
 main.c:48: error: for each function it appears in.)
 main.c:48: error: âwinâ undeclared (first use in this function)
 main.c:49: error: âbarâ undeclared (first use in this function)
 main.c:50: error: âboxâ undeclared (first use in this function)
 main.c:51: error: âwinmanâ undeclared (first use in this function)
 main.c:52: error: âlabâ undeclared (first use in this function)
 main.c:54: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_initâ
 main.c:56: warning: implicit declaration of function âawn_bar_newâ
 main.c:58: warning: implicit declaration of function âawn_window_newâ
 main.c:59: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_window_set_policyâ
 main.c:59: warning: implicit declaration of function âGTK_WINDOWâ
 main.c:61: error: âexposeâ undeclared (first use in this function)
 main.c:64: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_hbox_newâ
 main.c:66: warning: implicit declaration of function âawn_win_mgr_newâ
 main.c:68: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_box_pack_startâ
 main.c:68: warning: implicit declaration of function âGTK_BOXâ
 main.c:68: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_label_newâ
 main.c:72: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_container_addâ
 main.c:72: warning: implicit declaration of function âGTK_CONTAINERâ
 main.c:74: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_widget_show_allâ
 main.c:76: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_window_set_transient_forâ
 main.c:79: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_mainâ
 make[2]: *** [main.o] Error 1
 make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1/src'
 make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
 make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1'
 make: *** [all] Error 2
 root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1#

那么你如何知道哪个（显然是丢失的）包包含该文件，以便您可以安装软件包并再次尝试编译？

对于基于Debian的系统（如Ubuntu），解决方案是apt-file。 apt-file可以搜索文件名，并返回包含该文件的包。

2安装apt-file

apt-file安装如下：

apt-get install apt-file

安装后，我们必须更新apt-file的包数据库，如下所示：

apt-file update

您还必须在修改/etc/apt/sources.list时执行此操作 。

3搜索软件包

现在我们来搜索包含文件gtk / gtk.h的软件包 。你可以这样搜索：

apt-file search gtk.h

但是这会给大量的包裹，所以让我们通过运行缩小搜索范围

apt-file search gtk/gtk.h

输出如下所示：

root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1# apt-file search gtk/gtk.h
 libgfcui-dev: usr/include/gfc-2.0/gfc/gtk/gtk.hh
 libgtk+2.0-directfb-dev: usr/include/directfb/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtk.h
 libgtk1.2-dev: usr/include/gtk-1.2/gtk/gtk.h
 libgtk2.0-dev: usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtk.h
 libgtk2.0-doc: usr/share/doc/libgtk2.0-doc/gtk/gtk.html
 root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1#

如你所见，有三个包含gtk / gtk.h的包（一个包含gtk / gtk.hh ，另一个gtk / gtk.html这不是我们正在寻找的），现在由你安装正确的一个。如果您不确定，您可以安装所有三个软件包，或者一个接一个地安装，如果编译错误仍然发生，请检查每个软件包。在我们的例子中，正确的包是libgtk2.0-dev ，所以我们安装一个：

apt-get install libgtk2.0-dev

现在我们再次尝试编译：

root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1# make
 make all-recursive
 make[1]: Entering directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1'
 Making all in src
 make[2]: Entering directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1/src'
 if gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DORBIT2=1 -pthread -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/include/cairo -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/include/libwnck-1.0 -I/usr/include/gconf/2 -I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -DDATADIR=\""/usr/local/share"\" -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/local/share/locale"\" -g -O2 -Wall -pedantic -std=c99 -fno-strict-aliasing -fmessage-length=0 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -MT main.o -MD -MP -MF ".deps/main.Tpo" -c -o main.o main.c; \
 then mv -f ".deps/main.Tpo" ".deps/main.Po"; else rm -f ".deps/main.Tpo"; exit 1; fi
 In file included from /usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtk.h:170,
 from main.c:21:
 /usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtktextbuffer.h:52: warning: ISO C restricts enumerator values to range of âintâ
 /usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtktextbuffer.h:53: warning: ISO C restricts enumerator values to range of âintâ
 /usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtktextbuffer.h:55: warning: ISO C restricts enumerator values to range of âintâ
 In file included from main.c:28:
 awn-app.h:30:29: error: libwnck/libwnck.h: No such file or directory
 In file included from main.c:28:
 awn-app.h:60: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âWnckWindowâ
 awn-app.h:80: warning: struct has no members
 awn-app.h:83: error: expected â)â before â*â token
 main.c: In function âmainâ:
 main.c:52: warning: unused variable âlabâ
 make[2]: *** [main.o] Error 1
 make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1/src'
 make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
 make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1'
 make: *** [all] Error 2
 root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1#

正如你所看到的，初始错误现在已经消失，但是还有一个文件缺少， libwnck / libwnck.h ，所以我们来搜索丢失的包：

apt-file search libwnck/libwnck.h

这次我们很幸运，只有一个包含该文件的包：

root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1# apt-file search libwnck/libwnck.h
 libwnck-dev: usr/include/libwnck-1.0/libwnck/libwnck.h
 root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1#

所以我们来安装丢失的包：